Childhood Alcoholism And The Effect Of The 12 Step Program...

Jane Kwon PSY 4470 June 5, 2015 Research Paper Alcoholism is a growing problem in the United States. It can, and oftentimes does, result in illnesses and deaths. â€Å"Alcohol is the world’s third largest risk factor for disease and contributes to 4 [percent] of the global burden of disease† (Marshall, 2014). In relation to alcoholism, specifically adolescent alcoholism is a growing concern in the United States. The age at which young people are starting to experiment with alcohol is younger than ever. Dr. Don Macdonald explains that this may most likely be due to the fact that it is legal for the majority of the population. Therefore, adolescents are able to access and get a hold of alcohol more easily than they can other drugs – such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, etc. The topic and focus of this paper is to explore specifically adolescent alcoholism and the effects of the 12-Step Program used in Alcoholics Anonymous as a form of treatment to overcome this addiction. This treatment will be evaluated through the review of empirical research and an interview with Dr. Don MacDonald, a professor of Marriage and Family Therapy at Seattle Pacific University. He obtained his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Michigan State University. While in Detroit, Michigan, he was a staff psychologist in an inpatient unit for polychemical abusers. He worked with teenagers and those in their early 20s who had been exposed to heroin, were drug pushers, and used their own homemade products. So,Show MoreRelated Case Study on Alcoholism Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pages Introduction: The ingestion of alcoholic beverages for their enjoyable effects is a custom which has been around for thousands of years, and alcohol continues to be a popular drug because of its short-term effects (Coleman, Butcher Carson, 1984). An enormous amount of damage can be attributed directly to alcohol abuse as a result of lost jobs, accidents caused by drunk drivers, and so forth (Maltzman, 2000). Alcohol also compounds other problems--an estimated 25% to 40% of hospital patientsRead MorePersonal Experience with Alcoholics Anonymous 3334 Words   |  13 Pagesaddict.† I’ve lost count for how many first names I have come to associate with addiction. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? Check. Narcotics Anonymous (NA)? Been there, done that. This being the first time I have ever encountered self identified sex addicts. How does this addiction differ from the addictions I have come to know and claim as my own? In a diagnosis of this particular addiction, there must be some form of cohesion. The answer lays in the biological and physiological factors that surround thisRead More The Dangers of Alcohol and Alcoholism Essay3323 Words   |  14 Pagesmillion suffer from alcoholism. (Haisong 6) The dangers of alcohol affect everyone from children with alcoholic parents, to teenagers who abuse alcohol, then to citizens who are terrorized by drunk drivers. Alcoholism is defined as a destructive addiction to alcohol while alcohol abuse is defined as a destructive abuse of alcohol. Alcoholism is the most severe form of alcohol abuse but there are many different factors that contribute to a person becoming an alcoholic. Alcoholism is genetic but usuallyRead MoreAddiction Research Paper2752 Words   |  12 Pagesare plenty of steps to be taken to help get the word out and get people the necessary help. Sadly, nearly two thirds of people that go through drug treatment reported to have been physically or sexually abused as children. That is an insanely high number that could be lowered if we are doing our best to pay attention to these children that are crying out for help in one way or another. It doesn’t have to lead people in to a long and dreadful life of drinking and drugging there are steps that can beRead MorePsy Evaluation Essay11057 Words   |  45 PagesJoyful Mind; correct answers to those tests have already been posted to the doc sharing portion of the Ecompanion Website. You can use the answers to check the answers you gave on your chapter study tests. Your final exam is on Wednesday, September 12, 2012; You will have from 8:15AM to 9:45AM to complete the final exam. There are no make up dates for the final exam. From Chapter 1: 1. According to Shavelson (2001), author of Hooked, which three words define harm reduction? A. any positive changeRead MoreEssay about Alcoholism and Drug Addiction17765 Words   |  72 PagesFORWARDING CERTIFICATE Ms Bandana Grover has been permitted to write a project on â€Å"Alcoholism and Drug Addiction† for B.A. LL.B. (Hons) Internal Evaluation of Amity Law School, Sector – 125, Noida, AUUP. Date: 10th October 2011 Ms. Mokshdha Bhushan Lecturer Amity Law School AUUP Noida - 201301 Introduction Alcoholism and Drug Addiction may be conceptualized as crime without victim that is, addict himself is the victim who becomes a prey of its misuse. ThisRead MoreThe Field Of Psychology : Carl Gustav Jung2353 Words   |  10 Pagesconsidered the world’s first transpersonal psychologist (Dacher, 2006). Carl Gustav Jung’s life began in a small village near the Rhine Falls in Switzerland in 1875, and like many pioneers in the field of psychology, did not have the happiest of childhoods, possessed a high IQ, and may have been considered an ‘outsider’ to the society of his times. His father, a minister who had lost his faith, was moody and always angry; his mother suffered from emotional disorders that would cause her to go fromRead MoreHow Addiction Effects the Psychological and Physical Functioning of Daily Life7330 Words   |  30 PagesDarlene Sledge Fundamentals Of Research Writing January 23, 2008 I. Introduction This qualitative research will investigate how addiction effects the psychological and physical functioning of daily life. Psychological functioning is the cognitive and behavioral characteristics of an individual and how they work. This research relates to counseling. The field of counseling looks at methods that will engage an individual with personal issues and how they cope on daily basisRead MoreSubstance Abused Disorder9645 Words   |  39 Pageson substances is identified by the appearance of unpleasant effects characteristic of a withdrawal syndrome when a drug is discontinued. Dependence on substances can also be associated with tolerance, in which there is a 65 04Townsend(F)-04 8/23/07 6:27 PM Page 66 66 ââ€"  ALTERATIONS IN PSYCHOSOCIAL ADAPTATION need for increasingly larger or more frequent doses of a substance in order to obtain the desired effects originally produced by a lower dose. The individual who is dependentRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesthe diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? (pg. 425, Effects of Homeless on Health) Health care is usually crisis oriented and sought in emergency departments. Those who access health care have a hard time following prescribed regimens. Insulin-dependent diabetic man who lives on the street may sleep in

The Lottery By Shirley Jackson - 967 Words

The author of â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson decided it was important to write this short story in order to inform the readers about another dimension, where a certain common tradition gets prized with something obscure. Some readers can be shocked when reading this story, because they might be surprised and even shocked with the themes that play along in the storyline. This short story â€Å"The Lottery† was so controversial at the time, because in the date it was published in June 24, 1948 there were so many themes from the stories that could relate to past events or even event that were taking place at the time. The story â€Å"The Lottery† is a non-fiction short story about this town that has a macabre tradition involving the population of that town to participate in an annual â€Å"lottery†that has a stoning ceremony set up as a reward. Many people would some-what be aware of this surprize ending if they payed attention to the subtle details that insinuate this and foreshadow to this occurrence Many people would not be aware of this at their first read, but if they did find it they would become suspicious: if the readers were to look in the paragraphs, they would find a section that mentions the kids in the story gathering rock around throughout the town.This could set the story to a dark mood and turn it into a gloomy, and suspicious theme. This part was purposely included as a literary element to foreshadow the future events in the main lottery ceremony. Besides the themes, thereShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may think that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different tha n what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

The Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children Free Essays

string(65) " 25 up to 75 but had juvenile diabetes since birth up to age 16\." Submitted by Jonah de Vera Johanna Marie Nicolas Business Department Assumption College San Lorenzo Village, Makati March 6, 2008 I. Introduction Diabetes was known way back by physicians of Ancient Greece and named as such and means â€Å"siphon† in Greek and was not as spectacular as it is now. Doctors and scientists think diabetes may be caused by viruses, genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diabetes is one of the major leading causes of death in the Philippines.In 2002, it was the 6th leading cause of death in the United State alone. It cost US $ 132 billion per year for direct and indirect costs on the part of the government. Also in the United States the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that, diabetes will affect one in three people known in the United States. It also projects an increase by 165% by 2050 which is very alarming. Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the person fails to get the benefit of the food which he or she eats, particularly sugar and starch.There are three types of diabetes: Juvenile diabetes, Adult-onset diabetes and Gestalt diabetes. Any person of any age can contract the disease whether through hereditary or acquired by chance. It has global and societal implications and is now called an epidemic. The researchers would focus more on the type one (1) diabetes which is Juvenile Insulin Dependent Diabetes or JIDD which affects children or ages under 4o, and is triggered by environmental factors such as viruses, diet or chemical in people genetically predisposed.This paper was prepared in order for the researchers as well as the readers to know the emotional effects of Juvenile Diabetes in children particularly since birth up to age 16, how these young people deal or cope up with this kind of disease and the reaction of the children when they knew that they have diabetes. A through discussion of the emotional effects of Juvenile Diabetes will be taken up and therefore have a better understanding of the disease. A. Background of the StudyJuvenile Diabetes formerly known as Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or childhood diabetes is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta  cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin. It is estimated that 10-15% people are diagnosed with diabetes have type one (1). People with type one (1) diabetes must inject themselves with insulin followed by a careful diet and exercise and monitor their blood glucose levels using blood testing monitors. Insulin therapy may be required through the young person’s life.Therapy needed not adversely affect the child’s activities, growth rate or psychological or intellectual development. Diabetes is common in the family of the researchers one is Juvenile and the other is Adult-onset. Since Juvenile diabetes in the family is more on adults, the researchers decided to come up with a study about the emotional effects of Juvenile diabetes in children particularly since birth up to age 16. They wanted to know the different emotions felt, their reaction when they knew that they have diabetes, how they were able to deal or cope up with this disease and how they were able to adjust in life despite of their sickness.As the researchers find out the answers to their questions about the emotional effects of Juvenile diabetes in children through interview and questionnaire method, they wanted to be a bridge in making a difference in the lives of these children. A. Statement of the Problem or Research Objectives The researchers would like to know the emotional state of Juvenile Diabetes in children since birth up to age 16. Main Objective: The researchers chose this project for them to have a better understanding of juvenile diabetes and the emotional effects of this disease in children since birth up to age 16.Specific Objectives or Research Questions: 1. To open the minds of the society that children with Juvenile diabetes needs special care and attention. 2. To study the different emotions involved in having Juvenile diabetes and how to cope with it. 3. To give proper ways of treatment and management of Juvenile diabetes in children. A. Significance of the Study Each individual is unique. No man is an island. It doesn’t mean that we have a disorder or disease; we would be different from other people. Diabetes is a serious disease and is very alarming.The significance of this study is to open the minds of the people that children with Juvenile diabetes needs more love, care and attention than any other material things in this world. Not only should Juvenile diabetes be given attention but also other diseases as well. The researchers wanted to have a better understanding of the emotional state of the children with Juvenile diabetes and that there are several ways to cope with their emotions and the disease as well. Lastly, the significance of this study is to encourage these children that their sickness is not a hindrance to them but rather a key to move on in life.Delimitation In order to achieve the objectives of the project, the researchers would gather information about juvenile diabetes and come up with a summary of the topic. The researchers would also go to hospitals such as National Children’s Hospital in E. Rodriguez, Quezon City in schools such as Sacred Heart Academy and Immaculate Conception to look for young patients who has juvenile diabetes. They would as well conduct a survey in their family and friends who has juvenile diabetes. They would interview the patients and come up with a report about the interview.The scholars would as well talk to professional doctors such as Diabetes expertise and Psychologist to ask questions regarding the mental, physical, social and emotional effects of Juvenile diabetes in children. In case of having problems finding for children with Juvenile diabetes, they would conduct a survey to people from age 25 up to 75 but had juvenile diabetes since birth up to age 16. You read "The Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children" in category "Papers" A. Terms Diabetes – a disease caused by an insulin deficiency and characterized b y excess sugar in the blood and urine. Insulin – a hormone vital to arbohydrate metabolism, secreted by islets of tissue in the pancreas. Juvenile diabetes – young or immature, also known as type 1 diabetes that lacks insulin-producing beta cells. Adult-onset diabetes – most common form of diabetes that does not need to be injected by insulin. Gestalt diabetes – another form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy that involves a combination of inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness resembling type 2 diabetes. Stress – strain felt by somebody: mental, emotional, or physical strain caused, e. g. by anxiety or overwork.It may cause such symptoms as raised blood pressure or depression. Glucose – sugar energy source: a six-carbon monosaccharide produced in plants by photosynthesis and in animals by the metabolism of carbohydrates. The commonest form, dextrose, is used by all living organisms. Chemical imbalance – a term used as a lay explanation of mental illness or mental disorders. The basic concept is that a chemical imbalance within the brain is main the cause of a psychiatric conditions and that these conditions can be improved with meditation which correct this imbalance.Anti-depressants – a psychiatric medication or other substance (nutrient or herb) used for alleviating depression or dysthymia (milder depression). These medications are now amongst the drugs most commonly prescribed by psychiatrists and general practitioners, and their effectiveness and adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims. Pancreatitis – pancreatic inflammation; inflammation of the pancreas. Hypoglycemia – too little blood sugar: the medical condition of having n unusually low level of sugar in the blood. Hyperglycemia – too much sugar in the blood: an unusually high level of sugar in the blood.II. Survey of Related Literature and Conceptual Framework 1. Survey of Related Literature and Review of Related Studies The following related literature and studies written by foreign authors gave the information needed by the writers of this study. Juvenile Diabetes formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or childhood diabetes is a chronic lifelong disease that up to now the cause is unknown and there is no cure for it. It is usually caused when the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas and the pancreas can no longer produce insulin. 1] It requires multiple insulin injections just to survive, is hard to manage since glucose levels and diet should be monitored, carries devastating complications such as heart problems, blindness and kidney failure and can result in the drastic reduction in the lifestyle and mobility of a person, quality of life and a r eduction in the life span of man. More than 400,000 new cases are reported in children and adults up to age 24 in the United States each year. And more than 1 million Americans currently live with the condition. [2] Studies have shown that challenges of a child or teen diagnosed with Juvenile diabetes are many.A lot of children especially teenagers think that they’re different from their friends. Some parents overprotect their diabetic children and unnecessarily make invalids of them. Anxiety is one of the psychological factors that affect children with Juvenile diabetes. The development of a portable infusion device in 1990, the infusion pump is an alternative of insulin injections that is used by people who are anxious to attain perfect control. Up to this present time, the use of infusion pump is still a wave. There are some ways to treat and manage diabetes. 3] And these are: A. Diet A. 1 Reduce the total amount of food For type 1 diabetes, a strict diet and schedule of meals are necessary to control blood glucose levels. A. 2 Lower the Carbohydrates Next is to limit the sugar and starch-carbohydrate in the diet because from sugar and starch, sugar is most readily formed. B. Exercise Exercise does everything for a diabetic, but there are limitations. Exercise to be advantageous requires insulin. Exercise is good for the diabetic of mild or moderate severity. Any patient who cannot exercise is handicapped.Exercise lowers the sugar in the blood just as does lack of food (fasting) and insulin. C. Insulin Develop a regular schedule of insulin injections using faster-acting forms of insulin or combinations of both slower-acting and fast-acting forms of insulin. Set a target range of blood glucose level, say between 70 and 140 mg/dl. If blood glucose levels falls below 70 mg/dl or rise above 140 mg/dl, then the diabetic need to take action to increase or decrease them. [4] Children with diabetes affect their personality. Attitudes of others toward us become an essential part of our own personalities.Attitudes, beliefs and purposes color the person’s interpretation of the outer environment. This inner aspect of the personality comprises the emotional life of the individual, his interpretation of himself and of the external environment. The attitude which a person develops towards himself, too, influences his attitude toward others. [5] Just like some cases of children with type 1 diabetes, he or she feels left out or unwanted because of his disease and may develop attitudes of resentment toward others. He may, on the other hand, become shy and retired that he does not give himself a chance to rectify his original feeling.Since he believes that he is unwanted, he may avoid group activities, avoid acquaintances or simply stay away from people and do things on his own. Psychologists find that personality assessment as a valuable tool for identifying the consistencies in people’s behaviors, attitudes, and feelings across time and situations. According to Newman and Newman, there are nine basic emotions: excitement, surprise, sadness, joy, anger, fear, disgust, guilt and love. Some of these emotions are taken by the writers to have a view about the emotions of children with juvenile diabetes. [6]InputProcessOutput Emotion: †¢ Surprise* Children will be surprised when they* Sudden change of knew that they have diabetes. It is reaction something new to them and would take a lot of responsibility †¢ Sadness* Children will feel depressed and* Loss of object, would think that they’re differentopportunity or ideal †¢ Anger* Tension will rise up upon knowing* Threat to oneself that this child has diabetes. He canor to one’s offspring, also blame his parents or his self andfrustration either do physical or verbal acts Fear* The child would feel terror and * The child will be would panic because they canshocked and would think that having diabetes isthink that their a threat to themsickness is a hindrance to them. * Guilt* Signals wrong doing of child* Violations of cultural norms, unacceptable thoughts or ideals * Love* Binds people together, * An attractive or Prompts nurturanceidealized person, object, or group The researchers aim is to study the e ffects of juvenile diabetes in children and one factor that is involved in this study is to know the emotions of a child.These factors if analyzed deeply, shows various emotions that can be observed in a patient with juvenile diabetes. These emotions show the reaction of a child when he knew that he has diabetes. The input shows the emotions, the process shows the functions of the input and the output shows the stimuli of the input and process. Many people with diabetes feel blamed or criticized for their efforts at diabetes care. When someone you care about has diabetes, simply listening to how he feels about living with diabetes can be the most loving act in coping with diabetes. [7] Having diabetes can change lifestyle, eating habits and daily activities.Diabetes may have been prescribed new medications. And most likely, they were told how to check their blood glucose on a regular basis. Diabetes can cause feelings of depression and isolation, weak havoc with self-esteem, and cause them to be stressed. A lot of diabetes patients deals with their emotions. Some of the emotions they experience as they deal with their disease may make them feel bad. But some feelings may actually be useful in helping them come to terms with their new lifestyle. For example, denial can be part of nature’s way of letting the news of diabetes sink gradually.Even anger can be an alloy in dealing with diabetes if they channel their energy in a direction that helps them change their condition. The key to deal with emotions is to understand feelings without trying to suppress or deny them. Some emotions might require immediate attention and others may not. Some people find that it helps to indulge their feelings for a little while like a week or two or maybe month before mustering up wherewithal to meet problems head on. Upon knowing that a person has diabetes, they might not think about it, let it pass, or convince oneself that they don’t know what the doctors are talking about is denial.Denial is not necessarily a bad thing. It can help people adjust to living with diabetes. By putting their emotions on hold, they can better deal with the shock of absorbing all the new information and medical information. By pretending they don’t have diabetes or that diabetes is not that of a big deal, they can avoid feeling overly stressed out, angry or depressed while they begin to fathom all the changes that lie ahead. However, if they stay in denial for too long, they run greater risk to neglecting their health and not taking care of their diabetes.This can cause emergency situations to occur in the short term and can also lead to serious problems in the long term. Diabetes is a manageable disease if they keep their blood glucose under control. By doing this, they can avoid many of the debilitating complications of diabetes such as eye, heart, kidney disease, stroke and infection. But it is up to them to take charge of their diabetes and make those changes that will ensure a long and healthy life. Breaking out of denial may take some work. But at the end of it, they will feel relieved. If they feel overwhelmed, they have to talk to doctors mmediately or to diabetes educator. Denial and other feelings such as guilt and anger are part of living with diabetes for many people. They may come and go as life changes and as diabetes changes over the course of a lifetime. When they find out they have diabetes or during the cause of adjusting to diabetes, they are likely to experience feelings of anger. They may feel that life is treating them unfairly. They might start to feel angry once they have gotten over denial. Or they may find that feelings of anger coexist with feelings of denial, depression or anxiety.The may find their selves angry when confronted with some of the problems brought on by diabetes. Or they may find that they flare up in the situations that have nothing to do with diabetes. All of these feelings are natural reaction to dealing with difficult condition. Anger is common as people adjust to diabetes. It is normal to feel angry over something they feel they can’t control. A good way to deal with anger and other bad feelings is to recognize the Feelings, realize they are normal, and find ways to channel their energy that will help them take charge of their diabetes.Here are some ways to deal with anger: 1. Recognize anger and take responsibility for it. 2. Start to keep of their angry episodes and the events that trigger their anger. ( journal notes. ) 3. Avoid situations that cause anger. 4. Join a support group, talk with other people or seek the help of a professional counselor. People can let anger eat away at themselves and make them miserable or they can think of it as unharmessed energy. By using that energy can make something positive. Their anger may be telling their selves that they are due for a change in their lives.Educate themselves about diabetes and become their own health advocate. People with diabetes, as well as doctors and researchers, have long suspected that stress can affect blood glucose control. Although there is no clear evidence that stress alone can cause any disease, it is possible that it can bring on or worsen symptoms in someone already headed for disease. Stress is a double-edged sword for people with diabetes, as with many chronic diseases. Stress may contribute to symptoms of the disease, and the disease itself can trigger stress. Diabetes can chum up real, imagined or expected stresses in all of us.It can make us feel as though we can no longer control our own body, making ourselves feel helpless and out of control. It can cause anger, may find ourselves in denial, experience depression or helplessness. It can also lower self-esteem and lead to think there is something wrong with us. If they tend to internalize stress, remind them that diabetes is not their fault and that they can take positive steps to deal with their conditions. Recognize that everyone has choice in life and they make their own choices. Pace themselves. Avoid excessive behavior.Make it a point to identify the things that stress someone out, and devise ways to deal with them. Trying to find healthy ways to deal with feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, anger and other uncomfortable emotions can also help to avoid stress. The diagnosis of diabetes, a lifelong disease with many possible complications, has a dramatic impact on the child and the child’s family. The first phase of the disease, especially, which precipitates a state of â€Å"shock,† is very difficult. Children and adolescents with emotional problems antedating the diabetes have more difficulties adjusting to the rules of diabetic management.Emotional and behavior problems occur more frequently in adolescents. They may lead to lack of diabetes control, brittle diabetes, and depression. A multidisciplinary team composed of a social worker and psychologist, in addition to the medical team, is very useful in solving those problems, as well as indispensable to help maintain compliance for many years. [8] III. Research Methodology Chapter 3 provides the readers with the information about the procedures on how the research gathered data. This chapter shows the step by step process of gathering, tallying and collating data.These are reflected in the following sub-topics: 1. Research Design 2. Respondents 3. Instrument Used 4. Data Gathering 5. Statistical Treatment Research Design In this research, â€Å"Emotional Effects of Juvenile Diabetes in Children† the researchers use the descriptive method. A survey as conducted to persons since birth up to age 16 whether female or male who has Juvenile Diabetes and ages 17 up to 75 who had Juvenile Diabetes since birth up to age 16. The researchers decided to use questionnaires because it is the simplest and fastest way to gather essential data.The Respondents The researchers conducted a survey to persons since birth up to age 16 and ages 17 up to 75 who had Juvenile Diabetes since birth up to age 16, about the â€Å"Emotional Effects of Juvenile Diabetes in Children. † The researchers chose twenty three (23) respondents who were affected by Juvenile Diabetes to answer the questionnaire. The researchers used simple random sampling in choosing the respondents. The Summarized Distribution of Female and Male Respondents for those who were affected by Juvenile Diabetes Respondents |Number of Respondents |Percentage | |Female |14 |61% | |Male |9 |39% | |Total |23 |100% | Research InstrumentThe researchers administered a questionnaire to determine the â€Å"Emotional Effects of Juvenile Diabetes in Children. † The questionnaire is made up of three parts. The first part are questions which determines what kind of Diabetes they have, their target range for blood glucose and when did they have Juvenile Diabetes or what so called as Insulin Dependent. The second part is about their condition and how they cope up with the disease. It also talks about the emotions they had. The third part is about in question number fourteen (14) which talks about the emotions they felt.In the first part of the questionnaire, there are certain choices that they can choose from to answer the questions. In the second part of the survey there are three (3) choices: Yes, No and Others in which they can state their desired answer. In the third part of the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to encircle the given choices that correspond to the emotions that they have and other emotions felt aside from the given choices. The survey is the key in determining the emotional effects of Juvenile Diabetes in children and the possible remedies to those emotions. Data Gathering ProcedureThe researchers had conducted a survey to those who were affected by Juvenile Diabetes. The survey was conducted on the months of January to February this year. The survey questionnaires were prepared by the researchers in accordance with the rules and instructions laid by the Professor. After preparing the questionnaire, the researchers submit it to their Professor for the approval. After which the researchers then have it photocopied. Then the researchers, before conducting the survey, prepared the permission letter and ask the Professor and the head nurse of a hospital before they set period of surveying.The researchers then conducted the survey to those who were affected by Juvenile Diabetes. 23 persons ,since birth up to age 16 whether female or male who has Juvenile Diabetes and ages 17 up to 75 who had Juvenile Diabetes since birth up to age 16, were chosen by the researchers through a simple random sampling. A short introduction of the topic, instructions and some guidelines were given by the assigned member. After their period of thinking, the researchers then requested their respondents to pass the survey forms.To prove that the emotions are true, the researchers ask questions through questionnaire which is divided into three parts: information about their disease, their condition of having it and emotions they felt. The questionnaire is all about their disease and specifically, the emotions and their condition. Statistical Treatment After administering the survey to those who were affected by Juvenile Diabetes, the researchers then tallied and collated the results or the answers of the survey and made through analysis of the gathered data.The analysis of data and statistical figures were all based in the results of the tallied survey. The researchers made use of the formula to find the weighted mean and arbitrary level of each question. The formula used to obtain the weighted mean is illustrated below: WM=f x / n Whereas:WM = represents the weighted mean f = represents the frequency n = represents the number of exponents The formula used to obtain the percentage is illustrated below: P= n/N *100 Whereas:P = represents the percentage n = represents the small portion N = represents the total number IV. Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of DataThis chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the data gathered through the use of the questionnaire method. Thus, the graphical presentations and discussions were organized based on the problems used in this study. Question #1 Do you have diabetes? [pic][pic] [pic] As shown in Graph 1, the total number of respondents is 23 which is 100%, 14 or 61% are female and 9 or 39% are male. There are 18 respondents or 78% who answered yes and 5 or 21% respondents who answered no. 18 or 100% respondents are Type 1 (Juvenile, insulin-dependent). Question #2 Target range for blood glucose [pic]As shown in Graph 2, 10 or 55% respondents have a blood glucose level of 70-150, 6 or 33% respondents have a blood glucose level of 70-180 while 2 or 11% respondents have other blood glucose level ranging from 90-120. Question # 3 When did you have Juvenile Diabetes? [pic] As shown in Graph 3, there are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total respondents w ho had Juvenile Diabetes since birth. This is followed by 2 respondents with a percentage equivalent to 11% of the respondents who had Juvenile Diabetes from 1-5 years old. There are 5 respondents which has an equivalent of 27% who had Juvenile Diabetes from 6-10 years old. or 44 % respondents had Juvenile Diabetes from 11-16 years old. Question # 4 Does it run in your family? [pic] As shown in Graph 4, there are 16 respondents which is 69% of the total respondents who answered yes, it runs in their family. This is followed by 6 respondents who answered no; it does not run in their family with a percentage equivalent of 26%. There is 1 respondent which is 5% who answered that she doesn’t know if it runs in their family. Question # 5 Are you feeling down when you see people eating the foods which you cannot eat anymore? [pic]As shown in Graph 5, there are 14 respondents which is 78% of the total respondents who answered yes, they are feeling down when they see people eating the foods which they can’t eat an ymore. This is followed by 2 respondents with a percentage equivalent of 11% who answered no, they don’t feel down. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered sometimes they feel down. Question # 6 Are you eating sweets at your parents or guardians back? [pic] As shown in Graph 6, there are 7 respondents which is 39% of the total respondents eat sweets behind their parents or guardians back.This is followed by 7 respondents with a percentage equivalent of 39% who answered they don’t eat sweets at their parents back. There are 4 respondents which is 22% who answered sometimes they eat sweets behind their parents and guardians back. Question # 7 Do you feel jealous when you see persons eating all the food they can eat? [pic] As shown in Graph 7, there are 8 respondents which is 45% of the total respondents who answered yes; they feel jealous seeing people eating foods which they can’t eat anymore. This is followed by 7 respondents with a percentage equivalent of 3 9% who answered no. There are 3 respondents which is 16% answered others (2 answered sometimes and 1 answered not really). Question # 8 Is it hard for you to control your diet? [pic] As shown in Graph 8, there are 12 respondents which is 67% of the total respondents who answered yes, it is hard for them to control their diet. This is followed by 4 respondents with the equivalent of 73% who answered no; it is not hard for them to control their diet. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others. Question # 9 Are you satisfied with your condition right now? [pic]As shown in Graph 9, there are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they are satisfied with their condition. This is followed by 13 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 73% who answered no; they are not satisfied with their condition. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others. One answered not really but she can deal with it while the other answered that she is just living with it as she learn to do so as years passed by. Question # 10 Are embarrassed or do you feel ashamed because of your disease? [pic]As shown in Graph 10, there are 2 respondents which is 12% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they feel embarrassed or ashamed because of their disease. This is followed by 16 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 88% who answered no, they don’t feel embarrassed or ashamed because of their disease. There is no one who answered others. Question # 11 Does anyone tease you or make fun of you because of your condition? [pic] As shown in Graph 11, there are 5 respondents which is 27% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they’ve been teased and made frown ecause of their condition. This is followed by 12 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 67% who answered no, they’ve been not teased and ma de frown because of their condition. There is 1 respondent which is 6% who answered others, he sometimes been teased and made frown because of his condition. Question # 12 Do you think that having Juvenile Diabetes is a hindrance to you? Why? [pic] As revealed in Graph 12, there are 12 respondents which is 67% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, thinks that Juvenile Diabetes is a hindrance to them.This is followed by 5 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 27% who answered no, Juvenile Diabetes is not a hindrance to them. There is 1 respondent which is 6% who answered others. She thinks that having Juvenile Diabetes is a hindrance to her before, but now she doesn’t think so. Question #13 Is it possible for you to be emotional imbalance because of your illness? [pic] As revealed in Graph 13, there are 10 respondents which is 56% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, that it is possible for them to become emotional imbalance because of their illness.This is followed by 6 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 33% who answered no, that it is not possible for them to become emotional imba lance because of their illness. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others. They sometimes think that it is possible for them to become emotional imbalance because of their illness. Question # 14 What emotion/s did you when you knew when you had Juvenile Diabetes? [pic] As revealed in Graph 14, there are 4 respondents who answered that they were surprised or 17. 39%. There are 7 respondents who answered that they felt sad or 30. 33%.There is 1 respondent that she felt angry which is 4. 35%. There are 6 respondents who answered that they feel feared which is 26. 09%. There is 1 respondent who answered that he felt guilty which is 4. 35%. There is 1 respondent that felt loved which 4. 35%. There are 3 respondents which is 13. 04% who answered others with a specific emotion they felt. One answered that she doesn’t remember herself feeling anything that time. The other one answered that she felt self-pity, curious and hatred. The remaining one felt no emotion at all. Question # 15 Do you follow what the doctor is prescribing you? pic] As revealed in Graph 13, there are 14 respondents which is 78% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they are following the prescription of the doctor. This is followed by 2 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 11% who answered no, they do not follow the prescription of the doctor. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others which is sometimes. Question # 16 Can you cope with your disease? [pic] As revealed in Graph 16, there are 14 respondents which is 78% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they can cope up with the disease.This is followed by 1 respondent with the percentage equivalent of 6% who answered no, she can’t cope up with the disease. There are 3 respondents which is 16% who answered others. The two answered that they can sometimes cope up with the disease. The remaining one answered that most of the times yes, sometimes no for it depends on the mood. Question # 17 Do you feel weak now that you have it? [pic] As revealed in Graph 17, there are 6 respondents which is 33% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they feel weak of having it.This is followed by 11 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 62% who answered no, they are not weak of having it. There is 1 respondent which is 6% who answered others, which is not really. Question # 18 Does it affect your relationship with friends, family or peers? [pic] As revealed in Graph 18, there are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, it affects their relationship. This is followed by 13 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 73% who answered no, it does not affect their relationship with others.There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others. One answered sometimes it affects the relationship while the other one answered that it doesn’t really affect the relationship. Question # 19 Can you live with this for as long as you live? [pic] As revealed in Graph 19, there are 9 respondents which is 51% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, they can live with the disease for as long as they live. This is followed by 7 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 38% who answered no, they can’t live with i t for the rest of their lives. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others. One answered hopefully not while the other said that he can live with it. Question # 20 Is there any chance that you’ll think of emotion as a hindrance to your illness? [pic] As revealed in Graph 20, there are 7 respondents which is 38% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, emotions is hindrance to their illness. This is followed by 9 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 51% who answered no, it is not a hindrance to their illness. There are 2 respondents which is 11% who answered others.One answered sometimes that emotions is a hindrance to her while the other one answered emotions is not really a hindrance to him. Question # 21 Are convinced that ignoring emotions would a confidence in you? [pic] As revealed in Graph 21, there are 11 respondents which is 62% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, ignoring emotions would build a confidence to them. This is followed by 7 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 38% who answered no, ignoring it would not build a confidence to them. There is no one who answered others.Question # 22 Should your teacher or school nurse be alerted with the situation? [pic] As revealed in Graph 22, there are 11 respondents which is 62% of the total number of respondents who answered yes, the teacher and school nurse should be alerted. This is followed by 4 respondents with the percentage equivalent of 22% who answered no, they should not be alerted. There are 3 respondents which is 16% who answered others. One answered sometimes they should be alerted. The other one said maybe while the remaining one said that it is not applicable anymore. V.Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Brief Review of the Study The study was undertaken find out the emotional effects of juvenile diabetes in children since birth up to age 16 by freshmen students of Assumption College taking up Management in Corporate Business. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. Do you have diabetes? If YES, is it Type 1 (Juvenile, insulin dependent)Type 2 (Adult-onset, non-insulin dependent) 2.Target range for blood glucose is 1. 70 – 150 2. 70 – 180 3. When did you have Juvenile diabetes? 1. since birth 2. 1 – 5 yrs old 3. 6 – 10 yrs old 4. 11 – 16 yrs old 4. Does it run in your family? 5. Are you feeling down when you see people eating the foods which you cannot anymore eat? (e. g. chocolate or sweets) 6. Are you eating sweets at your parents or guardians back? 7. Do you feel jealous when you see persons eating all the food they can eat? 8. Is it hard for you to control your diet? 9. Are you satisfied with your condition right now? 10. Are you embarrassed or do you feel ashamed because of your disease? 11. Does anyone tease you and make you frown because of your condition? 12. Do you think that having Juvenile diabetes is a hindrance to you? Explain. 13. Is it possible for you to be emotional imbalance because of your illness? 14. What emotion did you feel when you knew that you have Juvenile diabetes? 1. Surprise14. 4 Fear 2. Sad14. 5 Guilty 3. Angry14. 5 Love 14. 6 Others 15. Do you follow what the doctor is prescribing you? 16. Can you cope with your disease? 17. Do you feel weak now that you have it? 8. Does it affect your relationship with friends, family or peers? 19. Can you live with this for as long as you live? 20. Is there any chance that you’ll think of emotions as a hindrance in your illness? 21. Are you convinced that ignoring emotions would build a confidence in you? 22. Should your teacher or school nurse be alerted with the situation? Summary of Findings The statement of the problem served as a frame of reference in presenting the salient findings of the research. There were twenty-three (23) respondents, fourteen (14) are female and nine (9) were men. 1.Children who have and doesn’t have Juvenile Diabetes There were 18 respondents or 78% have Juvenile diabetes and are Type one (1) or Insulin dependent while 5 or 21% doesn’t have Juvenile diabetes. 2. Target Blood Glucose Level There were 10 or 55% respondents have a blood glucose level of 70 -150 which is still normal, 6 or 33% respondents have a blood glucose level of 70 -180 which indicates hyperglycemia while 2 or 11% respondents have other blood glucose level ranging from 90 -120 which is also normal. If blood glucose level is below 70, it shows that the person is hypoglycemic. 3. Ages of having Juvenile Diabetes There are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total respondents who had Juvenile diabetes since birth. This is followed by 2 respondents with a percentage equivalent to 11% of the respondents who had Juvenile diabetes from 1-5 years old. There are 5 respondents which has an equivalent of 27% who had Juvenile diabetes from 6-10 years old and 8 or 44% respondents had Juvenile diabetes from ages 11 – 16 years old. 4. Diabetes runs in the family or not There are 16 respondents which is 69% of the total respondents said that diabetes runs in their family which is genetically inherited.This is followed by 6 respondents or 26% said that diabetes does not run in their family which means that they just acquired it while 1 respondent or 5% answered that she doesn’t know if diabetes runs in their family or not. 5. Feels down or not when seeing people eating foods that they cannot eat Most of the respondents which are 14 or 78% of the total respondents feel down when they see people eating the foods which they cannot eat anymore. This is followed by 2 respondents with a percentage of 11% doesn’t feel down while 2 respondents which is 11% sometimes feel down. 6.Eats sweets at their parents or guardians back or not There are 7 respondents which is 39% of the total respondents eats sweets behind their parents or guardians back. This is followed by 7 respondents with a percentage equivalent of 39% doesn’t eat sweets behind their parents back which indicates that they obey their parents orders while 4 respondents which is 22% sometimes eat sweets behind their parents or guardians back. 7. Feels jealous or not Most of the respondents which is 8 or 45% of the total respondents feel jealous seeing people eating foods which they can’t eat anymore. Followed by 7 respondents which is 39% doesn’t feel jealous while 3 respondents or 16% sometimes feel jealous. 8. Hard to control diet or not Most of the respondents which is 12 or 67% of the total respondents have a hard time to control their diet. As seen in questions 5, 6 and 7, it shows that majority of the respondents feels jealous and feels down seeing people eating the foods which they cannot eat and eats behind their parents or guardians back. This shows that it would really be hard for these children to control their diet since they are tempted to live like the others who can eat whatever they want.This is followed by 4 respondents or 73% who doesn’t have hard time to control their diet while 2 respondents or 11% answered others. 9. Satisfied with condition or not There are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total number of respondents are satisfied with their condition since they knew that they’re going to live with juvenile diabetes for as long as they live. Most of the respondents which is 13 or 73% respondents are not satisfied with their condition for they look forward to a cure for juvenile diabetes and that they can’t do the things that they used to do and be like normal people, feeling nothing and is healthy.While 2 respondents which is 11% said that she is not really satisfied with her condition but she can deal with it and the other said that she is just living with it. 10. Feels embarrassed, ashamed or not There are 2 respondents which is 12% of the total number of respondents feels embarrassed or ashamed especially when they can’t eat what they want and whenever they inject themselves with insulin while most of the respondents which is 16 or 88% doesn’t feel ashamed or emb arrassed because it is not their fault that they genetically inherited and acquired such disease. They just have to deal with it. 1. Tease, make frown or not There are 5 respondents which is 27% of the total number of respondents have been teased and made frown of their condition like when they can’t eat sweets such as chocolate and they inject themselves with insulin. Most of the respondent which is 12 or 67% have not been teased and made frown because of their condition. While 1 respondent or 6% has sometimes been teased and made frown. 12. Juvenile Diabetes a hindrance or not Most of the respondents which is 12 or 67% of the total number of respondents think that Juvenile diabetes is a hindrance to them.Some of the reasons why they think having such disease is a hindrance to them are: they don’t feel right, they can’t eat what they want like sweets, they can’t do the things that they want to do or their activities are very limited, it affects their daily living especially at work and in school, they don’t feel like a normal person and parents become overprotective and it some times irritates them. This is followed by 5 respondents with the percentage of 27% who thinks that juvenile diabetes is not a hindrance to them since they can still do their own stuff even though it is limited. Lastly, there is 1 respondent which is 6% answered that for her, having juvenile diabetes is a hindrance to her but now, not anymore. Controlling and acceptance is all they have to have. 13. Emotional imbalance or not Most of the respondents which is 10 or 56% of the total number of respondents said that it is possible for them to become emotional imbalance since having diabetes affects the mood of the person and so it affects the emotions as well. Being stress and depressed leads to emotional imbalance.This is followed by 6 respondents or 33% said that it is not possible for them to become emotional imbalance since they have it already and must live with it. While 2 respondents or 11% sometimes think that it is possible for them to become emotional imbalance because of their illness. 14. Emotions felt There are 4 respondents of 17. 39% were surprised when they knew they had juvenile diabetes. It is something new to them and would lead them to more responsibility. Most of the respondents which is 7 or 30. 33% felt sad. They don’t expect such illness so they feel depressed and different. There is 1 respondent or 4. 35% felt angry because diabetes runs in her family so she blamed her parents and herself of just letting such illness to happen. There are 6 respondents or 26. 09% who feared for they think that having diabetes is a threat and a hindrance to them. There is 1 respondent or 4. 35% who felt guilty despite of the fact that diabetes runs in their family but she still disobeyed her parents warnings. There is 1 respondent or 4. 35% who felt love because when she knew she had diabetes, it made her family closer and well protected.While there are 3 respondents or 13. 04% with a specific emotion felt. One said that she can’t remember herself feeling anything that time, the other felt self-pity, curious and hatred while the other felt no emotion at all. 15. Follows doctor prescription or not Most of the respondents which Is 14 or 78% of the total number of respondents follows the prescription of the doctor. Followed by 2 respondents or 11% does not follow the prescription of the doctor while 2 respondents or 11% sometimes follows the prescription of the doctor. 16. Coped with the disease or notMost of the respondents which is 14 or 78% of the total number of respondents can cope with the disease since they had this for a long time already so they eventually accepted the fact that they have juvenile diabetes. This is followed by 1 respondent or 6% cannot cope with the disease since her activities are limited while 3 respondents or 16% can sometimes cope with the disease. It just depends on the mood. 17. Feels weak or not There are 6 respondents which is 33% of the total number of respondent feels weak of having juvenile diabetes since activities are limited and they can’t eat what they used to eat.Most of the respondents which is 11 or 62% do not feel weak of having it since they already accepted the fact that they have juvenile diabetes and they’re going to live with it forever. While 1 respondent which is 6% does not really feel weak of having juvenile diabetes. 18. Affects relationship with others or not There are 3 respondents which is 16% of the total number of respondents said that having juvenile diabetes affects their relationship with others since parents become too overprotective which is irritating so it leads to misunderstanding. And the other is that they are pitied by others or are teased by others.Most of the respondent which is 13 or 73% said that having juvenile diabetes does not affect the relationship with others. It actually deepened their relationship. While 2 respondents or 11% said sometimes having juvenile diabetes affects the relationship with others. 19. Can live with diabetes or not Most of the respondents which is 51% of the total number of respondents can live with the disease since they have already accepted it and had deal with it. This is followed by 7 respondents or 38% cannot live with diabetes since they look forward to a cure for it.While 2 respondents or 11% said that they can hopefully live with it. 20. Emotions, a hindrance or not There are 7 respondents which is 38% of the total number of respondent thinks of emotions as a hindrance to their illness. Well of course, in every sickness, the emotions of the person would definitely be affected. Likely, the person would feel weak, different and moody. Most of the respondents which is 9 with a percentage equivalent of 51% do not think of emotion as hindrance to their illness. They believe that sickness and emotions are separated but at one point is connected.While 2 respondents or 11% sometimes thinks of emotions as a hindrance to them. 21. Ignoring emotions would build a confidence or not Most of the respondents which is 11 or 62% of the total number of respondents are convinced that ignoring emotions would build a confidence in them because emotions can also destroy a person that will lead to insecurity. While 7 respondents or 38% are convinced that ignoring emotions would not build a confidence in them since confidence involves other aspects not just emotions. 22. Should the teacher or school nurse be alerted or notMost of the respondent which is 11 or 62% of the total number of respondents said that the school nurse or teacher should be alerted with their condition since blood glucose level changes so it affects their health. This is followed by 4 respondents or 22% said that the school nurse or teacher should not be alerted since they knew how to control and deal with their health. While 3 respondents or 16% said that sometimes they should be alerted. Conclusion Based on the significant findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1.Most of the respondents have diabetes and are type 1 or Juvenile diabetic. Most of the respondents too are female than male. 2. The target range of blood glucose level is lies more on 70 – 150 mg/dl, therefore it implies that these children under this range has a normal blood glucose level. 3. Most of the respondents had juvenile diabetes from ages 11 – 16 years old. 4. Juvenile diabetes runs more in the family or is genetically inherited than acquired. 5. Most of the respondents which is 785 of the total respondents feel down seeing people eating the foods which they cannot anymore eat. . There is an equal equivalence of 39% of respondents who eat and do not eat behind their parents or guardians back. 7. Most respondents which is 45% of the total number of respondent feels jealous seeing people eating foods which they cannot eat anymore. 8. Most of the respondents which is 67% have a hard time to control their diet. 9. Most of the respondents which is 73% are not satisfied with their condition of having juvenile diabetes. 10. Most of the respondents which is 88% of the total number of respondents do not feel embarrassed or ashamed because of their disease. 11.Most of the respondents have been teased and made frown because of their condition. 12. Most of the respondents thinks of having Juvenile diabetes as a hindrance to them since they don’t feel right, they can’t eat what they want like sweets, they can’t do the things that they want to do or their activities are very limited, it affects their daily living especially at work and in school, they don’t feel like a normal person and parents become overprotective and it sometimes irritates them. 13. Most of the respondents think that it is possible for them to become emotional imbalance because of their illness. 4. There were different emotions presented but the most emotion felt is sadness, followed by fear, surprise, others which includes self-pity, hatred and curious, then angry, guilt and love. 15. Most of the respondents follow what the doctor is prescribing them to maintain a healthy life. 16. Most of the respondents which is 78% of the total number of respondent can cope up with their disease. 17. Most of the respondents do not feel weak of having juvenile diabetes. 18. The relationship of the respondents with family, friends and peers do not affect their relationship. 9. The respondents can live with Juvenile diabetes as long as they live. 20. Most of the respondents do not think of emotions as a hindrance to their illness. 21. 62% of the total number of respondents are convinced that ignoring emotions would build a confidence to them. 22. The teacher or school nurse should be alerted with the situation of the respondents who has juvenile diabetes. Recommendations In line with the significant findings of the study, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Diabetes is one of the leading major causes of death in the Philippines.A person must be aware of his or her health. As early as possible, have a check up with the doctor to see if there is any susceptibility of acquiring diabetes or not. 2. Diabetes whether type 1 or type 2 must follow doctor’s prescription or recommendation to avoid low and high blood glucose level and change in diet. 3. Diabetic children eating sweets behind their parents or guardians back and children feeling jealous seeing people eating all the foods they can’t eat, should not be conscious about it since it is one way of disciplining a person and to avoid complications later on. . Diabetic children who is not satisfied with their condition, feels embarrassed or ashamed because of their disease and thinks of having juvenile diabetes is a hindrance to them should not think of these things. There’s no one to be blamed about this and scientist are doing their best to find a cure for juvenile diabetes. Controlling, dealing and acceptance is all they have to have to not be emotionally imbalance, to not feel weak about it, to not affect the relationship with family, friends and peers and to be able to cope with the disease. . Emotions can build confidence, can change one’s lifestyle and as well as destroy especially when diagnosed with juvenile diabetes. There are several ways to deal with different emotions as mentioned in the study of related literature of this paper. Learning how to cope with one’s feelings can help build a new personality. 6. One of the tasks that comes with having diabetes is educating others in the workplace, the schools, and the society about what they need to live well with diabetes. 7.For those who are being teased, made frown or discriminated, the best course of action is first educate and negotiate, then litigate, and last legislate others about a diabetic person’s needs, limitations, strengths, and by informing them of the rights and responsibilities can help resolve many situation. 8. For conditions that the school nurse or teacher should be alerted, training them should be developed and implemented by diabetes health care professionals, school health care providers and school administration.Bibliography †¢ Websites www. fda. gov/fdac/features/2000/400_diab. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/diabetes How to cite The Effects of Juvenile Diabetes on Children, Papers

South African Airways Case Analysis free essay sample

Hadeir Shahin Khaya Ngqula, the CEO of South African airways is facing a big challenge, which is the striking of SAA ground staff and cabin crews, this action won’t affect only the overall performance of the company and slows down operations, but it will have a negative long term consequences as well, it may affect the company’s reputation, and thus affecting it’s prominence and perceived quality in the mind of the public. The major problem of SAA is the lack of trust, justice, ethics and commitment in the company, as the employees don’t trust there mangers, they believe that the decision making process is not fair, and managers are always violating the accepted norms of morality within the company. Firstly the absences of the authority’s trustworthiness negatively affected the employees, as mangers failed to show employees there capability of taking over the helm specially that executive’s lack aviation background, also employees didn’t perceive the authority to be benevolent or to have integrity, and that was clear when Ngqula decided to cut his management stuff in half to control costs, and suspending four managers for misconduct and failure to prevent wasteful expenditure, at the same time he was criticized by the media for incurring luxury travel expenses, more over his strategy revolved around efficiency, growth and outstanding service, without emphasizing about being helpful, supportive or loyal to his employees apart from any selfish or profit motive, all those factors resulted in the fact that SAA’s employees lack of trust to their managers. We will write a custom essay sample on South African Airways Case Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Secondly the country’s history over the past years regarding the racial discrimination influenced the companies’ policies which resulted in the feeling of injustice and a biased code of ethics among employees, in addition to, the pay raise issue. Despite of the good performance and the growth of the company, managers are referring to the fuel price as a constrain that preventing them from raising the pay, as a result employees belief that the decision outcomes are not allocated using the proper norms because they have contributed to the company’s good performance and they deserve more outcome specially that the company had a year profit of $155 million and can easily afford the wage increase, also knowing that there managers are spending money on helicopter travels and luxurious hotel rooms made them feel that they are not receiving distributive justice. As a result of the former problems, employees don’t feel committed to the company, and therefore Ngqul a has to fix those problems by regaining employees trust and treating them fairly, this can be done by: approving the 8% increase in wages and start to implement an evaluation performance plan, in order to keep track of employees performance, and lay a roadmap for planning and development. He should include employees training program in his development strategy, this program should not only stress on their skills but, on the importance of positive communication and culture of kindness in the company as well; to increase SAA’s employees commitment. It’s known that integrity should come from the top managers first, that’s why telling the truth to the employees and sticking to promises will be a good start to regain their trust, also the company should introduces a solid code of ethics that prohibits racial discrimination, protects employees’ rights and preventing the misuse of the companies’ resources. Finally introducing different ways to keep employees motivated such as bonuses, pay raise and recognition, this way employees performance will increase, they will be more competitive, creative and committed to the work.

Woodstock Music And Art Fair Essay Example For Students

Woodstock Music And Art Fair Essay In 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair drew more than450,000 people to a pasture in Sullivan county. For four days,this site became a countercultural mini-nation in which drugswere all but legal, music was plenty, and love was free. Themusic began Friday afternoon at 5:07 p.m. August 15, andcontinued until mid-morning Monday August 18. The festivalclosed the New York State Thruway and created one of the nationsworst traffic jams. It also inspired a bunch of local and statelaws to ensure that nothing like it would ever happen again. Woodstock was the idea of four young men: John Roberts, JoelRosenman, Artie Kornfeld and Michael Lang. The oldest of the fourwas 26. Their original odea was to have it in Wallkill, New York,but the residents objected so greatly, that the site was thentaken to a farm about eight miles outside of Bethel, N.Y. ,population 3,900. There was objections from this city as well,but a permit had already been purchased to have a concert, so notmuch could be done about it. We will write a custom essay on Woodstock Music And Art Fair specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although the conditions were terrible, (Lack of food, sparsesanitation facilities, drugs and alcohol, mud, to name a few)there were no violent acts at the festival. DRUGSDrugs were a problem at the festival, nearly ninety percentof the people there were smoking marijuana. There were noviolence problems though. Approximately one hundred percent ofthe 33 people arrested were charged with drug-related charges. FOODFood shortage was a problem since so many people showed upwho the festival organizers wree not prepared for.Only 60,000people were expected to attend, yet on the first day alone,500,000 frankfurters and hamburgers were consumed. Constantairlifts were being operated from the site and outlying areas,bringing in a total of 1,300 pounds of canned food, sandwiches,and fruit. In fact, the food problems were so great that theWomens Group of the Jewish Community Center of Monticello andthe Sisters of the Convent of St. Thomas prepared and distributed30,000 sandwiches for the festival go-ers.

week 3 Essay example

week 3 Essay example week 3 Essay example Organizational Structure The company that I work for is a construction company, just as with most construction companies, the organizational structure of the company is a matrix organizational structure. The way that the hierarchical levels are in this company is; the owner/CEO occupies the highest position. The next position down the vertical structure is a shared level of management, which is occupied by a project manager, and a super intendant. Each project has their own project manager and super intendant that report to the owner/CEO. The company that I work for is a decentralized organization, where â€Å"decision making occurs at the level of the people who are most directly affected and have the most intimate knowledge about the problem† (Bateman & Snell, 2011). The reason that this is the most effective for this company is, because of the need in the construction industry for decisions made in a timely manner, in order for the project at hand to effectively and efficiently get done. In some i nstances it would not be conducive to go through the process of the decision going up the vertical structure. The company that I work for employs two different trades- sheet metal workers, and carpenters- this is the reason that if the company were organized with the functional structure or divisional structure, it would be less efficient. In the matrix structure, there is only one project manager, and one super intendant for each project. All of the decisions for both trades, for the project are made at this level. Since the company employs two different trades, the mutual adjustment coordination is essential. If the company were organized with the functional structure, any decisions would have to be collaborated horizontally between the project managers, sheet metal super intendant, and the carpenter super intendant. This would be a longer process and a counterproductive structure. In the construction industry, most companies are not large enough to implement the divisional organizational structure. The divisional structure, just as the functional structure, would essentially be counterproductive to the effectiveness of the company. In a divisional organizational structure, any major decisions would take a longer period of time to be made, and in effect would slow down production. The construction industry is a face paced industry, and the functional and divisional structures would not be as effective as the matrix structure. The organizational functions of the company that I work for are also more efficient in the matrix structure. All of the company’s functions are project specific in the construction industry. Each project has its own budget, its own human resource needs, as well as operational needs. The matrix structure is the most effective structure based on the fact of the project specific needs that are required. As far as the finance for the project is concerned, each project has its own budget. In the matrix structure, it is the project manager, and the super intendants responsibility to ensure that the project is completed within this budget. This is possible based on the fact that these two positions are on site at the project, and are responsible for this one project. Whereas, if it were a divisional structure, the finance department for the company would have the responsibility of ordering material for the project. If the finance department were not familiar with the need for the specific project, too much material, too little material or the wrong material may be ordered. Another function that is project specific is the human resource function. Each project in the construction industry may have a unique manpower requirements. One project may have a need for fifteen carpenters, and eighteen sheet metal workers, and another project may only need twelve carpenters, and ten sheet metal workers. If the company had one human resource department, there would be a possibility of having too much manpower or not

Kathrin & Becky Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kathrin & Becky - Research Paper Example In simple terms, they were the custodians of the man’s ‘creation’ and hence the name ‘house wives’ was coined. However, it reached a point where the women in our society could take it no more. The oppressions and inferiority complex had gone overboard and they united and decided to demand for their rights. This marked a new dawn – a dawn where the inferior lot was informed of their rights. The demand for a just and fair world has been imminent with attention drawn from street debates to national discussions. They all have a similar ending; the world is never fair to the oppressed and minority groups and that the law is made for these people. Surprisingly, the legislators who push for these laws find themselves in situations and positions where they are breaking them. Feminists rely entirely on the law for existence. They believe that the law is meant to protect them. However, this is not the case. Governments have been in the limelight for failing to protect these groups of people. Women are an interesting lot. They love associating themselves with an icon with whom they follow her lifestyle and when Marilyn Monroe, a feminine figure killed herself out of an overdose in 1963, there was an outrage from the feminine society. There was no turning back and an exaggerated femininity was being held up and revered as an ideal for all women. Racism and sexual harassment were thriving and black women were mostly the victims where they were referred to as ‘chocolate bunnies’. However, in a quick rejoinder, Gloria Steinem, a freelance Journalist who was working on an undercover mission highlighted the plight of black women who were on the brink of segregation from the rest. She described that all women were treated as bunnies. This attracted the attention of all women who responded to the urgency to rescue the black woman from the racial stereotype. A look back at history reveals that women have achieved huge milestones that are

Vizir Case Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vizir Case Analysis - Article Example Proctor and Gamble is aware that Vizir is only recognized as a somewhat mediocre product, so the question of whether it might be profitable in Europe remains. However, if managed and advertised well, Vizir does show some promise of success. 2. Having used the tools described above, identify the key issues that the company should focus on - relate it to the reading in the Grant text for that week. Tell the reader why those are the root issues and not just symptoms of something deeper. The key issues that the company will need to focus on are the items necessary for success in Europe. This includes marketing strategies as well as overall management skills. Advertising will be key, as it always is, to bring the new product to light across Europe. Effective advertising should be able to introduce Vizir into the market successfully. 3. Find and cite three benchmark companies that face similar issues or counterpoint issues TODAY. Do not just look for companies with identical issues. If the issue you identified was "inadequate capitalization," find other companies with capitalization problems - you should not look for other companies in the same industry that had other issues. Focus on the issues, not the company or the industry.

Water Quality and Environmental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Quality and Environmental Health - Essay Example Water is also vital as a habitat for both freshwater and marine plants and animals (Vale, 2006). Pollution of the surface water is one of the global concerns. While in many less industrialized parts of the world, diseases from inadequate water supply and water contamination are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, in United States the concerns towards this precious natural resource is quite different. There are more than 53,000 community water systems providing water to the public in the United States. Public water suppliers process 38 billion gallons of water per day for domestic and public use. Approximately 1.8 million miles of distribution mains carry water in the United States and Canada. About 800,000 water wells are drilled each year in the United States for domestic, farming, commercial, and water testing purposes. Typically, households consume approximately 30% of their water for outdoor use, such as watering the lawn. Inside, toilets use the most water, with an average of 27 gallons per person per day (AWWA, 2006). The availability of freshwater to meet the demands of a growing and increasingly affluent population while sustaining a healthy natural environment is based on several factors such as availability of good quality water, the high costs of developing additional surface-water supplies, the importance of reliable supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental health and economic development; and the shortcomings of institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing supply and demand conditions (Frederick, 1995). The differences between developed and developing countries are many, but few have greater impact on human welfare than the availability of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Water- related diseases and illnesses exact devastating impacts on mortality and morbidity; prospects for economic development are also decreased by the diminished health

Concept Of Civil Military Relations

Concept Of Civil Military Relations The emergence of military interventions in the political life of a country is not a feature of this century. From ancient Greece to the end of the 20th Century, the threat has chosen by displacement or relocation of a government by overt military action, a recurring theme in the scientific literature. However, although previous analysts rather for the military as a strange, demonic fraction not with other social groups interact, but in a position to seek to act against them, it was not until after the end of World War II political scientists began to derive another perspective. Therefore, while Machiavelli would say, a man of the military can be a good person Voltaire would streamline manifestation of brute force as and Samuel Adams would say that a standing army, however necessary, is always dangerous to the liberties of the people. Of course, the change in the attitude of the science was in the military institution not accidental inspiration. From World War II to an end the traditional role of the military as an instrument of territorial expansion of a state, its utility has been greatly improved as domestic violence. As one of the few large institutions westernized, the military as the only effective pressure group, able to play a positive role was seen in a country trying to reach a higher level in the scale of social and political progress. Since the introduction of liberal institutions, Western economic policy in the peripheral countries, the stability of the latter was upset traditional sociopolitical structure appeared the military is the only group that the enforcement and protection of political stability and order. Therefore, as the duties of the officers had to undergo such a major change, and the whole institution was asked to play a domestic role multidimensional Western academia has been forced to reconsider their former views on the civil-military relations. Since the role of the military institution can extend the daily political life of the state of minimal impact to direct rule, began in early postwar writers noted the benefits could provide a modernized an officer corps assets political life of a peripheral country. His zeal was such that some even to support the establishment of pro-Western military dictatorships and overestimate the ability of the military ended. For example, with respect to Pauker Southeast Asian countries, argues that a cure for all one social economic problems faced by them in the future: It is more likely to be found in the officer corps and politicians. Since strong leadership support of the organizational structure and moral authority was seen as a necessary component of good management planning and the future of these countries, the only group that was able to show those qualities were the military, suggested. Others, like Pye moderate perspective in favor of the pro-Western direct military participation in the political life of the peripheral states, did not neglect to mention that the objective of the type of role assigned to the officer corps was to create stable democratic political institutions an practices. Others such as Janowitz, however, began to suggest that one should not confuse discipline and organizational capacity. While officers have been trained to work efficiently when allocated to specific tasks, and their impact on economic development in any country wide, at best, be minimal because of the inherent limitations in the profession [infrared]. Overall, it was very difficult for some Western academics to justify the military intervention and public rule since then, according to the political and economic model that they Anglo American promotion, it is democracy rather than dictatorship, the political system that complements the economic development of capitalism. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the liberalization of the former communist countries of totalitarian regimes, it seems democracy as the best alternative political mechanism can provide the West to these people. Although the process of democratization can not be done overnight and achieve an outcome, however, it gives the impression that it is the only viable solution for the implementation of peace and security in the world. As President Clinton noted in his speech at Georgetown University in 1991, countries with democratic governments are more likely to be reliable partners in trade and diplomacy and less likely threat to peace than those with other forms of government. Although the collapse of the authoritarian regime / totalitarianism is the first step toward the democratization process of any country, however, it should not make us believe that such an event would automatically lead to the establishment and strengthening of democratic institutions and practices. While in the transitional period can create a relatively stable configuration of democratic political institutions characteristics, can not be such a system can be considered a democratic system. Until there is complete agreement of the people and the political and military leaders to the demands inherent in all democracies, for example, support large positions for behavioral attitude with democratic institutions and the rules of the game that the latter establishment, then democracy can be a distant dream. As Sergei Kovalyov, a Russian human rights activist, has put it, the quality of democracy depends heavily on the quality of the democratswithout this, everything will be like now, always in fits and start. Due to the growing interest from the academic world to understand the different types and levels of civil-military relations in each country as well as in the interpretation, we have a number of writers with certain patterns, in which a number of factors associated with both the changing environments of international and local have been used. Despite some weaknesses arising from the attempt by political scientists to create a global theory regarding the role of the army in all countries, and these patterns tend to complement each other in the supply and the end of the reader a better understanding of civil military relations in general. TYPOLOGIES OF CIVIL MILITARY RELATION Focus on the way that the military can achieve its corporate objectives, accurately distinguishes four types of civil-military relations. In the first category, and he puts all cases while the officers to exercise their influence on the constitutional legitimacy and the civilian government, like any pressure group again, to achieve the objectives, such as increasing the military budget, and in the second, when officers used the threat of penalties or blackmail to reach similar objectives; in the third, when the system replace civil with one another because I did not perform its duties towards them adequately, and in the fourth category, and officers decide sweep civilian system and seize the government itself. And there is a problem with his rating is its heavy dependence on the degree of military intervention. This makes it difficult to distinguish between behavioral similarities and structural to the military establishment and regulations in different countries, while intervention has been paid to different levels, but the role of the military in society and politics is similar. Huntington, on the other hand, the rules of classification of its civil-military relations on the political objectives of the actions taken by the officers. He classified into three categories. In the first category, he distinguishes those cases that are similar to a palace coup, and in the second, those similar coup reform, and in the third, similar to those 1 revolutionary. And there is a problem with the classification of him is that his interest is not only personal but also elusive. He failed to consider that military intervention could begin as early as may have one type of a military coup, but to undergo radical changes certain. In an attempt to overcome the constraints imposed on the model of Huntington, Janowitz makes an important step by differentiating between civilians and military personnel in Western countries relations from those in the terminal. He classified as civil-military relations in the Western countries into three categories: the aristocracy, democracy and totalitarianism. With regard to peripheral States, he classified as civil-military relations in five categories: personal authoritarian, authoritative and comprehensive democratic competition, between civilians and the military alliance, the military and the oligarchy. And there is a problem with his rating is that it does not take into account the degree of autonomy that can be civilian leaders of the military. Not clarify this, he makes it very difficult to distinguish the role of officers in democratic and authoritarian regime. Learning from the mistakes of the previous writers, Lucham tries to offer a more complete model. He bases his typology of civil-military relations around three factors: the strength or weakness of civilian institutions; the strength or weakness of the military institution and the coercive, political and organizational resources at its disposal; and the nature of the boundaries between the military establishment and its sociopolitical environment. By examining these three variables, Luchams typology classifies civil-military relations based on the roles which the military institution plays in a countrys political life. He divides them into categories in which the military exercises objective, constabulary, apparatus and subjective control as well as in cases of a nation-in-arms from cases in which a praetorian, a garrison or a guardian state has been established o there is political vacuum. And there is a problem with classification Lucham is that he neglects the role of the international environment (political, economic, and military) on the relations between civilians and the military in the state. In the same direction as Lucham, but the definition of Huntington accept imperial societies, Nordlinger, Clapham and Phili attempt to formulate a complementary patterns of civil-military relations. After careful consideration of the three models of civilian control and traditional, and liberal models and penetration, Nordlinger says that there is no single model of civilian control that can be widely applied effectively. And therefore, used as a criterion to the extent that exercise governmental author ity officers and ambitious objectives. He distinguishes three types of Imperial officers: supervisors and guardians and rulers. First tend to exercise the right of veto on a variety of government decisions without having to take over political power itself. Second, after the overthrow of a civilian government take ten to the same political authority for a limited period of time. It aims to prevent the destruction of the status quo and return to civilian political power. Last, do not only want to control the government, but also being designed to convert a very ambitious community. Clapham and Philip H. ARG are not interested in how officers can gain political power, but in the methods they use. As a result, they come for the classification of four types of military regimes: the veto, Chair, factional and penetration. As selectors to be classified as they use the units military command structure, and the level of differentiation between the army of civil society, and the level of threat of civil society as well as on the level of political organization independent. Interestingly, it is also interested in the results of the military regimes. They are divided into six categories. The back of the hand, and the renewal of civil, nepotism and factional authoritarian, military state of the party and the state to a standstill. It is possible that other writers might have come up with new patterns. Based on these known, however, we should not see it as a strict set of categories. These patterns are not used Out of the study directly from civilian and military circumstances in each country, but instead of extrapolating from historical records that rely heavily on social structural factors. Even when factors are included cultural and ideological, it is widely be discussed. Since the elements that characterize civil-military relations in each country comes out of the unique circumstances of this country and its institutions, and countries that are not and should not be treated as mere examples of the ideal type. Instead, one has to pay special attention to the properties at the same time to maintain these patterns in the views. For a better understanding of the type of relationship between the civilian and military that dominates the political life of the country, as well as the level of democracy, and there is a need to create a multi-factorial model. This model should be a composite one and to take into account the following factors: First, the military itself. Can A careful monitoring of the size of the military, and social background and level of professional qualification of its members, their ideology political, and the level of cohesion and unity, as well as their desire to protect the interest their corporate (s), he says Janowitz, give us a better chance for understanding [ing] all of the officers, [and] internal capacity to its tendency to intervene in domestic politics. Second, we must take into account the form of the social impact of the local environment and the economic and political lives in the shadow of the military and jobs. Particular attention must be paid to be paid to the political factor that will determine this much whether the democratization process has established roots strong in any country. Third, the role of the international factor and more specifically the impact of major powers exerted on the establishment of foreign military alike and internal forces of the country. Last but not least, we must examine the role of the past and present of the military institution in the development of civil-military relations in each country. It should add a small rider here with regard to the latter factor. We are very concerned most studies of civil-military relations with the military factor only after the intervention happens. Role of the institution in the same domestic policy-making process in cases in which no ruling military are often neglected or underestimated. Although the authors emphasize the immediate factors that led to the military intervention, they forget that the military organization as a system of meaningful activity continuously from a specific type functions within the community long before the stage pre intervention. also suggests Johnson, the direct control of the government by senior officers or military juntas are only reference crude of the role that the armed forces can play at a certain moment, the men in uniform have a variety of ways to make their will felt. Nor should a result, patronage relations not only within the military, but also among its members and the civilian government dress ignored. In addition, planned and smooth, or violence, the transition from military rule to another form of government (democracy in the first place), in the peripheral countries, and its impact on the development of civilian rule in them, and deserves attention. Since the role of the military in the decision-making processes are often beyond the immediate scope of professional reference, it must examine its changing role in society transformation. 5.2 Problems Faced/Challenges on the implementation of the concept of CMR. Should the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a close link between the traditional thinking SSR and CMR analysis is not in itself controversial. Obsessed control, and especially the civilian control, and theorizing much SSR, can be traced directly to the literature of fear and suspicion of the army are reviewed below for a brief period. Control, after all is only necessary if there are potential dangers in a lack of control. If modern thinking SSR does not explicitly mention usually the risk of military coups or military influence unwarranted, and intellectual heritage and clear with it. It can be attributed in particular to work known by Samuel Huntington, supplemented in some cases by others. In turn, of course, Huntington was not writing in a vacuum: a few original ideas in his book, and most have a long history. They are fully in line with a long history of writing (and often anti-military) anti-state, which is, in fact, the prevailing thinking in the world for several c enturies political. John Lockes two treatises of government (1690) is the most famous example in early. Of the complex and varied body of this theory, can distinguish between the main sticking strings in the past. First, the rise of the middle classes in Britain, and in colonial America, were identified with military aristocracy, and with the power of the king. As a result, the fear of a strong standing army seems to be plagued thinkers, British and American alike, who were influential in the establishment and development of the United States, and fear that still exist also in Britain after American independence. Remarkably that while for the United States (and indeed for most democracies) central problem in civil-military relations were not one basic to prevent a military takeover in the country, the book British and the Americans and identified these issues, however, exactly what the main problem. For the middle classes of the eighteenth century, and seek to transform their economic weight in the political power, in the state controlled by the Crown Prince and the aristocracy, the priority was to control of the state and the army, and the reduction of their power to the maximum extent possible. The middle classes of little interest in becoming officers themselves, and in the absence of military service, they had no experience rarely directly to how the military works. They knew little about military affairs care, and the army was a dangerous beast needs to be chained up. Proper role was not as a border guard or of the supreme national interest, but like the rest of the state, an employee with very limited roles. It was kind of trader, that chapter if the quality of the work is not satisfactory. Second, was directly linked to this lack of interest in military issues to liberal concepts of war and peace in this same middle classes. Dismissed the war as a bad trade, soldiers and stupid and bloodthirsty, and the war as a rational human beings are going to do everything to avoid. They considered that the reason often by armies of the war, which was very large and impressive, or through the arms race between the two countries. Embraced the new economic theories of Adam Smith, who argued that the trade, rather than war, is enriched Nations, and that cooperation was better than the competition. While not the middle classes were rarely peaceful, they have strongly the idea that the war was a stupid often and usually generals were stupid. For the British, the experience of the blunders of the First World War, and the folk-memory of Generals sending a generation of intellectuals to be slaughtered, was to be influential for many decades afterwards.  [1]   Yet if these ideas in various forms throughout the centuries, why there was a series of books and articles on civil-military relations between the 1950s and 1970s? There seems to be two reasons. And it was a lot of this American writing, and they are produced in a time when the United States has reached an agreement with a significant increase military equipment, and a network of bases and defense agreements in all parts of the world. Was also a time of fears of a military-industrial complex as expressed by (ex) Eisenhower. Lacks all these fears any basis in fact, of course, and he was not there a moment where the U.S. military looked as if they might seek for a political role or start a war. The second, more general, and why conscious of systems military that appear on what looks around the world, while political scientists, especially in the United States, began to take an interest in the military as an institution. These systems existed before the war in Europe in Hungary and Poland, for example but by the 1950s military intervention in Latin American politics has become almost a clichà ©, and military regimes apparently everywhere in that continent. No wonder that transformed relations between the worlds political, military, and one of the main themes of the study, although it is difficult to achieve experimentally. As a result, it was a lot of work to be done by inference, through careful reading of the legislation and government statements, and through the application of theoretical models. These models have been derived often from laymans understanding of the work of the American political system. Thus, it is inaccurate and incomplete in general, but with so wer e they based it strictly on theories about how and was supposed system of the United States to work. Apparently when the newly independent states in Africa began to fall under military control, as well as, to the extent that there is a trend all over the world for the Army to get energy. This impression was reinforced rise of military governments in various places such as South Korea and Pakistan. Encouraged, therefore, non-specialists began to wonder whether there was, in fact, things to apply what can be said about the army, and a series of books from the 1950s to the 1970s already mentioned implicitly said that there. Although it is important not to minimize the real change in approach between these books, they share some common features. Portrayed armies significantly resemble those of Britain and the United States, as well as those written by specialists on CMR Latin America. They are large, powerful, well trained and well disciplined and so it is a mystery not that this force rebels against its civilian masters, but why it ever obeys them.  [2]  Likewise, it was argued tha t the officers of these armies were always pessimistic, collectivist, historically inclined, power-oriented, nationalistic, militaristic, pacifist and instrumentalist in [their] view of the military profession.  [3]   This type of analysis was very simple. It assumed only two actors (the military, often in practice the Army, and civilian politicians), in an adversarial relationship involving a constant battle by civilians to control the military. This in turn meant that the two played a zero-sum game, in which the essential premise for any system of civilian control is the minimization of military power.  [4]  It was further argued that this power varies with the proportion of the national product devoted to military purposes and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the number of individuals serving with the armed services. As often with Huntington, this is a little obscure but presumably refers to the percentage of Gross National (or more probably Domestic) Product taken by the defence budget, together with the absolute size of the armed forces, possibly including reserves, or possibly not. These are two of the ways of measuring a nations defence effort, although not necessarily the most illuminating ones. Logica lly, therefore, civilian control is enhanced by reducing defence budgets and manpower levels, and indeed SSR theorists have generally drawn this conclusion, and acted upon it.  [5]   There is room for a good comparative study of military interventions in politics all over the world on civil-military relations. First, there is the question of why theorizing about military intervention today do not know the problem correctly. Then there is the question of theory constructed correctly and testable risk of military intervention will actually look like. Seemed relatively small position in the 1950s and 1960s, and produced an appropriate model of simplistic military intervention, as recounted above. But at the end of the Cold War, military regimes began to disappear rapidly, not only in Latin America, but also in Africa, and there were a few coups to replace them. So what happened? The confirmed civilian control victorious everywhere? The army had undergone an evolution the collective political mysterious? It soon became clear that the military regimes in the post came in all shapes and sizes and there are a few features in common with each other. In many cases, brutally cut budgets and manpower, but scientists have found that there is a relationship between military and civilian regimes new unsuspected complexity, and that control was understood more slippery than it looks in the past. The old model of motor power and influence clearly do not apply any more, if ever. Even in a relatively homogeneous area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Latin America, it was not clear whether he had been strengthened civilian control or reduced, or even if it means the concept so much. As J Samuel Fitch noted, all this uncertainty was troubling in a field that aspires to be treated as a serious social science. The lack of even minimal consensus on seemingly basic questions undermines our authority as scholars to speak on policy issues that are crucial.  [6]   Must be much larger than the size of expertise and comparative analysis available now enables us to build a theory of military intervention that is more subtle and useful than those previously described. But before plunging in to this task, and we may pause and reflect, if any, the general theory of military intervention is indeed necessary. Current thesis, slightly beaten by experience, but still surprisingly strong, holds that military institutions appetite for power is that this civil-military relations in any country consists mostly of minimizing and controlling the power of the military. But this holds true, but in all cases of military intervention similar. If this is not true, the problem does not exist in reality. The proposal is that the evidence or rather the lack of it specifically shows that it does not exist. In a sense, this is the obvious conclusion is terribly useful. It is not possible to say whether some of the texts of the book known CMR actually believed that their theories were global or not, but in any case such claims would be impossible to prove or to clarify the truth even interesting. What might be called the theory of strong CMR all armies everywhere seeking power in the same way to be left to one side as intellectual curiosity. It is similar to Aristotles theories in physics, which were intellectually dominant for a very long time but is not in fact true. It is still possible to admire Aristotles writing, but if we tried to build an aircraft based on its principles, it will not leave the runway. In practice, most writers on CMR and SSR (including, very likely, and some authors cited only) and it seems that the belief is what can be described as theory of weak CMR. This has been anywhere placed correctly, but involves the belief that military intervention in the politics of one kind or another, though not universally Although the affected properties of historical and cultural, is common enough to be a problem. (In fact, if you are not seen as a problem, and will control of the army not be such a common feature of the various writings). This is at least a coherent position, and moreover it is one that can be tested. One of the logical consequences is that communities need to protect against the possibility of a kind of institutional intervention by the army to seize power a body corporate. Although the theory of this kind more temporary it is not easy to refute, we can look to see if the examples of the power of institutional Search common in modern history. The easiest way is to look at some well-known cases of military intervention in politics to see if they can find examples to support this version even double the risk theory. What is indisputable that there are many examples of seizures of power by the army, or at least individual officers, as well as cases where the army clashed with the civilian politicians (elected or not) or where she tried to undue influence. Question, again, is whether any importance to give mass to these events, and whether there are any general conclusions that can be drawn, and now that there are decades of experience in the analysis. How similar, in fact, are in these episodes, which is supposed to military to take power? Lets start with two events in 1958 that was most enthusiastic in the world, and access to power in France and Pakistan of General de Gaulle and Ayub Khan respectively. The first to look at, it is useful to consider the historical background, which is very rarely done. This history which extends back to the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870 is of interest precisely because it is not compatible with the concept of kinetic measurement influence military, but suggests instead that power relations are more subtle and many of the side, and this is something similar to energy analysis discussed above is actually more convenient. . On the face of it, the Third Republic wonderful example of the theory CMR in practice. Ive had a strong parliamentary system, where he was weak executive, and president (although the commander of the armed forces) is political entity. Was to take all the important decisions in parliament. Moreover, he was the Minister of Defense civilians for the entire period, and the Ministry for the operation headed by a civilian Secretary-General. Financial controls on civilians and making important political decisions. Not career military officers even allowed to vote in the elections. After 1940, this political system disintegrated within a few days, to be replaced by authoritarian state headed by retired Marshal. Fourth Republic, succeeding overthrown in a military coup in 1958. So it was what went wrong? And civilian control was less comprehensive than it looks? Army conducted the accompanying political attack? Interpretation, of course, is more complicated than that, and involves the structural weaknesses in the French political system itself. First, because the system was one parliamentary hyper, and was often referred Cabinet that the Executive Committee in parliament, could stop any institution did not like the initiative. Means the difficulty of building sectarian governments at a time can be brought down at any moment, and often for reasons of short-term political gain. Ministers therefore had little time to master their memoirs a year in office was a good start. However, hating to take controversial decisions of Parliament, and often voted full powers to the government to make those decisions is Sarah herself. In turn, governments often rather than resign. And any form of long-term planning or strategic analysis impossible. The system could not cope with the crisis, or the need to manage complex issues, such as relations with Germany in the 1930s. Not have been possible a coherent policy when governments changed frequently, and Parliament became essentially negative force, and to prevent any serious decisions. (It never officially declared war on Germany in 1939, for example). As a result, the system collapsed hopeless in the eyes of voters. Was widespread in politics, i