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A comprehensive study on civil war models and real cases

A comprehensive study on civil war: models and real cases The history of ethnic civil war consists of ethnic fragmentation appeared along the societal path to globalization. Over time, human enabled a comprehensive study of variables and motives in attempt to theorize a historical pattern of civil war. Two important models, one constructed by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, and the other by James Fearon and David Laitin, provided hypothesis of the causes of civil war based on social, economic and political measurements. However, as Horowitz states, â€Å"a bloody phenomenon cannot be explained by a bloodless theory†, civil conflict can never be concluded to a certain pattern; despite the general trend, chance events such as natural disasters†¦show more content†¦Rwanda, which underwent two civil wars in 1963 and 1990, has one of the highest population densities in Africa. On the other hand, Fearon and Laitin concentrated on state capacity in building their model to predict the risk of war. They concluded civil war as the consequence of a weak central government; variables that measure state capacity, particularly instability, poverty and population, were selected in the process. Political instability reflects a government’s inability in counterinsurgency; poverty demonstrates its failure to provide welfare to the people; and a large population adds challenges to the overall balance and management of different regions. During the economic breakdown in Yugoslavia, facing public calls for urgent economic reform, the Communist government â€Å"blocked promising reform initiatives† in order to maintain the monopoly control of the government and the country’s industries. The mediocre Yugoslavian government failed to pull the nation out from poverty, which eventually led to the collapse of the Republic. Overall, both the CH model and the FL model highlight the interactive patterns between the independent variables and the risk of war, and thus support their hypothesis of the civil war mechanism. Nonetheless, although both models provide certain degree of prediction to the risk of war, neither applies to the reality perfectly. First of all, hypothesis proposed by both models are broad representation of a generalizedShow MoreRelatedAfghanistan National Reconciliation and Peace Process1857 Words   |  8 Pages Summary: After decades of war in Afghanistan in late 2001, first attempts have already been made by Afghans and international organizations to consult the Afghan people on how to build capacities in pace-building which was an encouraging sign. However, the people in general are still too reluctant to speak about their suffering during the war. 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British and Canadian Legislation International Marketing

Question: Discuss about the British and Canadian Legislation International Marketing. Answer: Introduction: As mentioned by Pomering (2013) advertisements are the channel of communication between the marketers and the consumers. Hence, any promotional campaign needs to conform to the social and legal norms of a country where it is going to be aired. In the given case study, the advertising campaign of Tourism Australia faced a number of restrictions in the foreign markets due to its lack of concentration on the legal boundaries of the on-air advertisements. In UK, the BACC (Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre) posed a ban on the Tourism Australia ad with the tagline So where the bloody hell are you? (Charbonneau 2013). According to the Centre, the word bloody was violating the codes of advertising of the Broadcasting Act 1990 and the Communications Act 2003. Moreover, in 2007, the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) ordered Tourism Australia to remove all posters from all the motorways as it was violating the rules concerning responsibility to children in the British Code of Advertising. On the other hand, in Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation banded the running of the ad during family programs as the Television Bureau of Canada felt the word Hell as offensive for children. Moreover, the CRTC found that that the ad implied beer is necessary for enjoyment and hence the advertisement had to face an editing (Charbonneau 2013). Hence, it is important for the advertisers to be aware of the applicable media laws to ensure no legal hassles and better market communication. As mentioned by Pomering (2013) the unnecessary legal issues related to the advertising campaigns increases operational cost. Moreover, it is also detrimental to the brand image of a company. References: Charbonneau, J., 2013. So where the bloody hell are you?: Tourism Australia faces off with British and Canadian legislation. International Marketing: An Asia-Pacific Perspective, pp.638-642. Pomering, A., 2013. Indigenous identity in the nation brand: tension and inconsistency in a nation's tourism advertising campaigns. Corporate Reputation Review, 16(1), pp.66-79.